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A fire sprinkler is a component of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water upon detecting the effects of a fire. Fire sprinkler systems are active fire protection methods that use a water supply to provide adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, to which the fire sprinklers connect. These systems are extensively used worldwide and are becoming more cost-effective for homes and small buildings, though they were initially used in factories and large commercial buildings.
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or a two-part metal link held together with fusible alloy. The glass bulb or link holds a "pip cap" in place, which acts as a plug to prevent water from flowing until the ambient temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler head. In a standard wet-pipe sprinkler system, each sprinkler activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached, maximizing water pressure over the point of fire origin and minimizing water damage to the building. Sprinklers typically activate within one to four minutes of a fire's start.
Sprinkler activation will usually cause less water damage than a fire department hose stream2. A typical sprinkler for industrial manufacturing discharges approximately 75–150 liters/min, while an Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) sprinkler at a pressure of 50 psi discharges approximately 380 liters per minute2. Fire sprinklers are available in 1/2" (12.7 mm) size, which is the most common size for office buildings, hotels, and schools.
